Thyroid Disease

The thyroid gland is located in the neck just below the Adam’s apple. This butterfly-shaped gland sits between the voice box and collarbone. The gland produces hormones that regulate the proper functioning of every cell, tissue, organ, and system in your body, including your brain.

Key Hormones Produced by the Thyroid Gland

The main hormone produced by the gland is thyroxine or T4. We need T4 to provide energy to all cells of our bodies and to produce neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that help messages travel across nerve cells. It also helps regulate protein synthesis, inflammation levels, and affects cholesterol production. The hormones also stimulate brain function and support normal growth and development during pregnancy, much like they do for infants.

Thyroid Disorders

Several different diseases can affect the thyroid gland, leading to either increased or decreased levels of T4.

Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much T4. This state is more dangerous than normal thyroid function because it can lead to life-threatening symptoms such as higher pulse rates and heat intolerance. The body attempts to eliminate the excess hormone, often resulting in diarrhea as a symptomatic relief.

Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough T4. Symptoms include weight gain, poor mood and depression, cold intolerance, muscle weakness, and fatigue, making daily functioning very difficult.

Importance of Normal Thyroid Function

When a person has normal thyroid function, their heart rate should be between 60-80 beats per minute when resting. The thyroid gland cannot be separated from the rest of the body and responds to other influences. For instance, certain dog breeds like Siberian Huskies have an inherited disorder where they produce too much thyroxine, leading to hyperthyroidism under extreme cold conditions.

Thyroid hormone is also produced by the human placenta and plays a crucial role in fetal development, particularly during the third trimester. It supports the development of the central nervous system, muscle, and bone tissue. Later in life, thyroid hormones regulate body metabolism.

Thyroid Cancer

There are more than 60 different types of cancers that can affect the thyroid gland. In 2018 alone, 39,000 people died from thyroid cancer, and there are 50,000 new cases each year. Prognosis is generally good if detected early but poor if undetected or if treatment is delayed. Early diagnosis is crucial for a better prognosis.

Conditions Treated by Thyroid Hormones

In addition to treating hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormones are used to treat various other conditions, including anemia, irregular heartbeat, high cholesterol, and osteoporosis. New research indicates that one of these hormones may help prevent some neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, although more study is needed.

Symptoms of Thyroid Disease

Some signs and symptoms associated with thyroid disease include:

• Fatigue: Low energy levels and mid-afternoon fatigue attacks.
• Headaches: More frequent headaches due to abnormal muscle contractions.
• Eyesight Issues: Visual disturbances, blurry vision, and halos around lights.
• Weight Gain: Common symptom due to thyroid hormone’s role in metabolism regulation.
• Hair Loss: Excessive hair loss, especially from the scalp and eyebrows.
• Hoarse Voice: Affected vocal cords leading to a hoarse voice and difficulties swallowing.
• Depression: Mood swings ranging from very happy to very sad, potentially leading to manic-depressive conditions.
• Constipation: Slowed bowel movements due to thyroid’s impact on digestive tract speed.
• Muscle Aches and Pains: Aches in the neck, shoulders, and back, referred to as myopathy.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. Early detection and management of thyroid disorders can significantly improve quality of life and prevent complications.